See -est on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:-est",
"id": "most"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-istaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ist\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"most\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-est\" id=\"English:_most\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Old English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz, *-ōstaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "-ste"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans -ste",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-st",
"3": "-(e)st"
},
"expansion": "German -(e)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-est",
"3": "-(e)st"
},
"expansion": "Danish -(e)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ast",
"3": "-(a)st"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -(a)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ιστος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ιστος (-istos)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -est, from Old English -est, -ost, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, *-ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, related to comparative -er. Cognate of Afrikaans -ste, Dutch -st, German -(e)st, Danish -(e)st, Swedish -(a)st.\nVia PIE cognate with Ancient Greek -ιστος (-istos), see Pleistocene, protist.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"cat4": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Basque translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Breton translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Cebuano translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Jeju translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Korean translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lao translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latvian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mongolian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tagalog translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Yoruba translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "-er"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "longest, biggest, fastest, motliest"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs."
],
"id": "en--est-en-suffix-K~bX-NhW",
"links": [
[
"superlative",
"superlative#English"
],
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-most"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"note": "a superlative pattern of the adjective",
"roman": "al--",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "اَلـ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "amena-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ամենա-"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "-guyn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-գույն"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-añ"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "més"
},
{
"code": "ceb",
"lang": "Cebuano",
"lang_code": "ceb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "kina- -an"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "zuì",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"prefix"
],
"word": "最"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "nej-"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ste"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "plej"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "for adjectives",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "before the adjective, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "plus"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ster"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ste"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "am ...-sten"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "leg-"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ter-"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "paling"
},
{
"alt": "いちばん, ichiban; placed before the adjective",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "一番"
},
{
"alt": "もっとも",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "mottomo",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "最も"
},
{
"alt": "さい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "sai-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Sino-Japanese",
"prefix"
],
"word": "最"
},
{
"code": "jje",
"lang": "Jeju",
"lang_code": "jje",
"roman": "gawjang",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ᄀᆞ장"
},
{
"code": "jje",
"lang": "Jeju",
"lang_code": "jje",
"roman": "jeil",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "제일"
},
{
"code": "jje",
"lang": "Jeju",
"lang_code": "jje",
"roman": "jijung",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "지중"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"lang_code": "km",
"roman": "…ciəng kei",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ជាងគេ"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "gajang",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "가장"
},
{
"alt": "第一",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "jeil",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "제일"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "choe-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Sino-Korean",
"prefix"
],
"word": "최(最)-"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"lang_code": "lo",
"roman": "thī sut",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ທີ່ສຸດ"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ākais"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ākā"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ter-"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "xamgyn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "хамгын"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"note": "before most long adjectives or adverbs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"note": "before most long adjectives or adverbs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "tarin",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ترین"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "najbardziej"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"note": "mais used with definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the demonstrative article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mai"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "nai-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"prefix",
"with-comparative"
],
"word": "наи-"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "before adjectives in the normal form",
"roman": "sámyj",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "са́мый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "before adjectives in the normal form",
"roman": "naibóleje",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "наибо́лее"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-éjšij",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-е́йший"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "-а́йший (-ájšij) (suffixes follow an adjective form)",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "нај-"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "más"
},
{
"alt": "1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"alt": "1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "pinaka-"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"roman": "...tîi-sùt",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ที่สุด"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "en"
},
{
"alt": "一",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "... nhất"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-af"
},
{
"code": "yo",
"lang": "Yoruba",
"lang_code": "yo",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "jù lọ"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "ĭst",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪst/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"enpr": "əst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əst/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "second-person singular"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-est, -st"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -est, -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est, -ast, -st"
},
"expansion": "Old English -est, -ast, -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-zi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-zi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-si"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-si",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "German -st",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -est, -st, from Old English -est, -ast, -st, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-zi, from Proto-Indo-European *-si. The -t was by transfer from inverted order where thou followed the verb, which also occurred in most dialects of Middle Dutch and Middle High German (compare modern German -st).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-'st",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-st",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"cat4": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 57",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "44 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "goest, makest, wentest, madest"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)"
],
"id": "en--est-en-suffix-XO7Pe6ME",
"links": [
[
"second-person",
"Appendix:Glossary#second person"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
],
[
"present tense",
"Appendix:Glossary#present tense"
],
[
"past tense",
"Appendix:Glossary#past tense"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, dialectal) Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)"
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-eth"
},
{
"word": "thou"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-eš"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-íš"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-áš"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "for regular -er verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "for regular -ir verb",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "for most -re verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-st"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-sz"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-d"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-l"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"note": "broad synthetic form, 1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-air"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"note": "slender synthetic form, 1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"note": "broad synthetic form, 2nd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-aír"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"note": "slender synthetic form, 2nd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ír"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"roman": "for regular -are and -ere verbs and for those -ire verbs that don't take -isc-",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"lang_code": "kmr",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-î"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-esz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-isz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ysz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-asz"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"note": "1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"note": "2nd and 3rd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"note": "most verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"note": "some 1st conjugation verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ezi"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"note": "some 4th conjugation verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ești"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ešʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ешь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-jóšʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ёшь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-išʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ишь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ašʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ашь"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "ĭst",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪst/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"enpr": "əst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əst/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_text": "From Latin -istī.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second person plural preterite indicative of second conjugation verbs"
],
"id": "en--est-ca-suffix-80SgHNCG",
"links": [
[
"second person",
"second person#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"preterite",
"preterite#English"
],
[
"second conjugation verbs",
"-re#Catalan"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-es",
"3": "-t",
"nocat": "y",
"pos1": "adjective-forming suffix",
"pos2": "adverb-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "-es (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (adverb-forming suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From -es (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (adverb-forming suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "öröm (“joy”) + -est → örömest (“with joy”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a word to form an adverb."
],
"id": "en--est-hu-suffix-ALaM4AFg",
"links": [
[
"adverb",
"Appendix:Glossary#adverb"
]
],
"qualifier": "adverb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(adverb-forming suffix) Added to a word to form an adverb."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɛʃt]"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "second-person singular"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ast",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "second-person singular",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "class 2 weak second-person singular",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ast",
"id": "second-person singular",
"nocap": "1",
"pos": "class 2 weak second-person singular"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm-nor",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Northern Middle English -es",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōsi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōsi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂yési"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "second-person singular",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"id": "second-person singular",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Old English -est",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ēs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ēs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ēz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ēz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*-eh₁si"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "In the present, inherited from Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs with paragogic -t added from when þū follows (compare Northern Middle English -es), from Proto-Germanic *-ōsi, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési.\nIn the past, inherited from Old English -est, from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs (with paragogic -t added as above), from Proto-Germanic *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si (in *dʰédʰeh₁si, form of *dʰédʰeh₁ti); this suffix is initially limited to weak verbs, but is extended to strong verbs over the course of the Middle English period (although not yet in Chaucer).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ist",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yst",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-st",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English",
"especially"
]
},
{
"form": "-ost",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ust",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 14 17 15 7 7 4 6 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 15 19 16 6 6 2 7 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "East Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kentish Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 28 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs (other than preterite-presents)."
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-1~nF5f7U",
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
],
[
"preterite-present",
"preterite-present#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Southern",
"West",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 14 17 15 7 7 4 6 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 15 19 16 6 6 2 7 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "East Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kentish Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 28 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of weak verbs; see -edest"
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-t9Nik9nd",
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"past",
"past#English"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative#English"
],
[
"-edest",
"-edest#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Southern",
"West",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Late Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 14 17 15 7 7 4 6 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 15 19 16 6 6 2 7 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 28 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs"
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-jzGFmJch",
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"past",
"past#English"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(especially Late Middle English) Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs"
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Late-Middle-English",
"Southern",
"West",
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əst/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
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}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-est<id:most>",
"id": "most"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-istaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ist\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"most\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-est\" id=\"Middle_English:_most\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "most",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"id": "most"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English -est",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-istHos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-istHos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm-nor",
"2": "-ast"
},
"expansion": "Northern Middle English -ast",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-astr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -astr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -est, -ost, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, *-ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos. Northern Middle English -ast is potentially influenced by Old Norse -astr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-este",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"tags": [
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ist",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yst",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ast",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
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},
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"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 28 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative degree of adjectives; more, -er."
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-enm:adjectival_superlative",
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adjectival superlative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 28 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative degree of adverbs; more, -er."
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-enm:adverbial_superlative",
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adverbial superlative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əst/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nominal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ustaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ustaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ustaz, *-istaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-est",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ost",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ust",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-est",
"num": "sg"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-est",
"2": "-esta,-este",
"3": "-este",
"4": "-esta,-este",
"5": "-este",
"6": "-esta",
"7": "-este",
"8": "-estum",
"num": "sg",
"title": "",
"type": "strong ō-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
7
]
],
"english": "earnest",
"text": "eornost",
"translation": "earnest",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"english": "service",
"text": "þēnest",
"translation": "service",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
5
]
],
"english": "haste",
"text": "ofost",
"translation": "haste",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"english": "battle, combat",
"text": "orrest",
"translation": "battle, combat",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix forming feminine nouns, originally from verbs"
],
"id": "en--est-ang-suffix-Lb6HeOaa",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/est/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
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}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
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}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
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}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-ist"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-yst"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"especially Northern"
],
"word": "-ast"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gmw-pro:*-ist<id:most>",
"id": "most",
"text": "++"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-istaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ist\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }\" data-id=\"most\" data-lang=\"ang\" data-title=\"-est\" id=\"Old_English:_most\">\nInherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs + *-tHós.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs + *-tHós.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
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"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
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"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
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"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estena",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estena",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estena",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
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"instrumental",
"neuter",
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}
],
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{
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"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
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},
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},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-est",
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{
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{
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{
"extra": "used to form superlative adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ost"
}
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{
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}
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{
"text": "glēaw (“wise”) + -est → glēawest (“wisest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "late (“late”) + -est → latest (“latest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "smæl (“narrow; small”) + -est → smælest (“narrowest; smallest”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
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],
"id": "en--est-ang-suffix-Mao2UFPX",
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[
"-ost",
"-ost#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
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"morpheme"
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}
],
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{
"ipa": "/est/"
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],
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{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
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{
"lang": "English",
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"archaic"
],
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{
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"borrowed"
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{
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"under Chaucerian influence"
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{
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{
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"word": "-est"
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"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
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],
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"word": "-ist"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
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"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
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{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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"borrowed"
],
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{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
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],
"lang": "Middle English",
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"word": "-yst"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
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},
{
"lang": "English",
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"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
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{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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"borrowed"
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{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
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],
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"especially Late Middle English"
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{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
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{
"lang": "English",
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"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
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{
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{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
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],
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{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
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"word": "-est"
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{
"lang": "English",
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"archaic"
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{
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"lang": "Middle Scots",
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"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"West Midland"
],
"tags": [
"Southwestern"
],
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],
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{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
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},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
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{
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"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ēs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Anglian Old English -es",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ēz"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*-eh₁si"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs with paragogic -t added from when þū follows (compare Anglian Old English -es), from Proto-Germanic *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si (in *dʰédʰeh₁si, form of *dʰédʰeh₁ti).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-es",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Anglian"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
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"head2": "",
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},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-est",
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}
],
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"pos": "suffix",
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{
"categories": [
{
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"kind": "other",
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{
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"_dis": "25 24 51",
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "fremman (“to perform”) + -est → fremest (“you perform”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the second-person singular of class I weak verbs"
],
"id": "en--est-ang-suffix-abhI~xYf",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/est/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "-aist",
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"alternative"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
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},
"expansion": "-est",
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],
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"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
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{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
"kind": "other",
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"source": "w"
}
],
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"verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite"
],
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"links": [
[
"second-person",
"second person#English"
],
[
"singular",
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],
[
"preterite",
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]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛsd/"
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{
"ipa": "[ɛst]"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_text": "From Latin -istī.",
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{
"args": {
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"expansion": "-est",
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],
"lang": "Catalan",
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"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
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"Catalan lemmas",
"Catalan suffixes",
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"Pages with entries"
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"glosses": [
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],
"links": [
[
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[
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[
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[
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],
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}
],
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{
"categories": [
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"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Breton translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Cebuano translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Jeju translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Lao translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Mongolian translations",
"Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"Terms with Yoruba translations"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "-er"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"id": "most"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-istaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ist\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"most\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-est\" id=\"English:_most\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-est"
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"expansion": "Middle English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Old English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz, *-ōstaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "-ste"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans -ste",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-st",
"3": "-(e)st"
},
"expansion": "German -(e)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-est",
"3": "-(e)st"
},
"expansion": "Danish -(e)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ast",
"3": "-(a)st"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -(a)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ιστος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ιστος (-istos)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -est, from Old English -est, -ost, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, *-ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, related to comparative -er. Cognate of Afrikaans -ste, Dutch -st, German -(e)st, Danish -(e)st, Swedish -(a)st.\nVia PIE cognate with Ancient Greek -ιστος (-istos), see Pleistocene, protist.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"cat4": "",
"head": "",
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"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "en-suffix"
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],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-most"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "longest, biggest, fastest, motliest"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"links": [
[
"superlative",
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],
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "ĭst",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪst/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"enpr": "əst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əst/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"note": "a superlative pattern of the adjective",
"roman": "al--",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "اَلـ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "amena-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ամենա-"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "-guyn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-գույն"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-añ"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "més"
},
{
"code": "ceb",
"lang": "Cebuano",
"lang_code": "ceb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "kina- -an"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "zuì",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"prefix"
],
"word": "最"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "nej-"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ste"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "plej"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "for adjectives",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "before the adjective, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "plus"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ster"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ste"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "am ...-sten"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "leg-"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ter-"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "paling"
},
{
"alt": "いちばん, ichiban; placed before the adjective",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "一番"
},
{
"alt": "もっとも",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "mottomo",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "最も"
},
{
"alt": "さい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "sai-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Sino-Japanese",
"prefix"
],
"word": "最"
},
{
"code": "jje",
"lang": "Jeju",
"lang_code": "jje",
"roman": "gawjang",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ᄀᆞ장"
},
{
"code": "jje",
"lang": "Jeju",
"lang_code": "jje",
"roman": "jeil",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "제일"
},
{
"code": "jje",
"lang": "Jeju",
"lang_code": "jje",
"roman": "jijung",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "지중"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"lang_code": "km",
"roman": "…ciəng kei",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ជាងគេ"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "gajang",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "가장"
},
{
"alt": "第一",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "jeil",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "제일"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "choe-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Sino-Korean",
"prefix"
],
"word": "최(最)-"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"lang_code": "lo",
"roman": "thī sut",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ທີ່ສຸດ"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ākais"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ākā"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ter-"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "xamgyn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "хамгын"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"note": "before most long adjectives or adverbs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"note": "before most long adjectives or adverbs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "tarin",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ترین"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "najbardziej"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"note": "mais used with definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the demonstrative article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mai"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "nai-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"prefix",
"with-comparative"
],
"word": "наи-"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "before adjectives in the normal form",
"roman": "sámyj",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "са́мый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "before adjectives in the normal form",
"roman": "naibóleje",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "наибо́лее"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-éjšij",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-е́йший"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "-а́йший (-ájšij) (suffixes follow an adjective form)",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "нај-"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "más"
},
{
"alt": "1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"alt": "1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "pinaka-"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"roman": "...tîi-sùt",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ที่สุด"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "en"
},
{
"alt": "一",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "... nhất"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-af"
},
{
"code": "yo",
"lang": "Yoruba",
"lang_code": "yo",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "jù lọ"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "second-person singular"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-est, -st"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -est, -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est, -ast, -st"
},
"expansion": "Old English -est, -ast, -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-zi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-zi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-si"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-si",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "German -st",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -est, -st, from Old English -est, -ast, -st, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-zi, from Proto-Indo-European *-si. The -t was by transfer from inverted order where thou followed the verb, which also occurred in most dialects of Middle Dutch and Middle High German (compare modern German -st).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-'st",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-st",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"cat4": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-eth"
},
{
"word": "thou"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "goest, makest, wentest, madest"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person",
"Appendix:Glossary#second person"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
],
[
"present tense",
"Appendix:Glossary#present tense"
],
[
"past tense",
"Appendix:Glossary#past tense"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, dialectal) Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "ĭst",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪst/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"enpr": "əst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əst/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-eš"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-íš"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-áš"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "for regular -er verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "for regular -ir verb",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "for most -re verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-st"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-sz"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-d"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-l"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"note": "broad synthetic form, 1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-air"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"note": "slender synthetic form, 1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"note": "broad synthetic form, 2nd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-aír"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"note": "slender synthetic form, 2nd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ír"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"roman": "for regular -are and -ere verbs and for those -ire verbs that don't take -isc-",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"lang_code": "kmr",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-î"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-esz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-isz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ysz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-asz"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"note": "1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"note": "2nd and 3rd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"note": "most verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"note": "some 1st conjugation verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ezi"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"note": "some 4th conjugation verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ești"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ešʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ешь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-jóšʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ёшь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-išʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ишь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ašʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ашь"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-es",
"3": "-t",
"nocat": "y",
"pos1": "adjective-forming suffix",
"pos2": "adverb-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "-es (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (adverb-forming suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From -es (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (adverb-forming suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hungarian lemmas",
"Hungarian suffixes",
"Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "öröm (“joy”) + -est → örömest (“with joy”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a word to form an adverb."
],
"links": [
[
"adverb",
"Appendix:Glossary#adverb"
]
],
"qualifier": "adverb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(adverb-forming suffix) Added to a word to form an adverb."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɛʃt]"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"East Midland Middle English",
"Kentish Middle English",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"West Midland Middle English"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "second-person singular"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ast",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "second-person singular",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "class 2 weak second-person singular",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
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"2": "ang",
"3": "-ast",
"id": "second-person singular",
"nocap": "1",
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},
"expansion": "inherited from Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm-nor",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Northern Middle English -es",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōsi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōsi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂yési"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "second-person singular",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"id": "second-person singular",
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},
"expansion": "inherited from Old English -est",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ēs"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ēz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ēz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*-eh₁si"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "In the present, inherited from Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs with paragogic -t added from when þū follows (compare Northern Middle English -es), from Proto-Germanic *-ōsi, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési.\nIn the past, inherited from Old English -est, from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs (with paragogic -t added as above), from Proto-Germanic *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si (in *dʰédʰeh₁si, form of *dʰédʰeh₁ti); this suffix is initially limited to weak verbs, but is extended to strong verbs over the course of the Middle English period (although not yet in Chaucer).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ist",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yst",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-st",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English",
"especially"
]
},
{
"form": "-ost",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ust",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs (other than preterite-presents)."
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
],
[
"preterite-present",
"preterite-present#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Southern",
"West",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of weak verbs; see -edest"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"past",
"past#English"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative#English"
],
[
"-edest",
"-edest#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Southern",
"West",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Late Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"past",
"past#English"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(especially Late Middle English) Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs"
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Late-Middle-English",
"Southern",
"West",
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əst/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
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"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-est<id:most>",
"id": "most"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-istaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ist\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"most\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-est\" id=\"Middle_English:_most\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
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},
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},
{
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},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
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"3": "-est",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "most",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"id": "most"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English -est",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-istHos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-istHos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm-nor",
"2": "-ast"
},
"expansion": "Northern Middle English -ast",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-astr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -astr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -est, -ost, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, *-ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos. Northern Middle English -ast is potentially influenced by Old Norse -astr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-este",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"tags": [
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ist",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yst",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
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"alternative",
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
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"3": "plural and weak singular",
"4": "-este",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est (plural and weak singular -este)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative degree of adjectives; more, -er."
],
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
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],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative degree of adverbs; more, -er."
],
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
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],
"tags": [
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]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əst/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English ō-stem nouns",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "nominal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ustaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ustaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ustaz, *-istaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-est",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
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"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "-ost",
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]
},
{
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}
],
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"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
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},
{
"args": {
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},
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],
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},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
},
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"num": "sg",
"title": "",
"type": "strong ō-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
7
]
],
"english": "earnest",
"text": "eornost",
"translation": "earnest",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"english": "service",
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"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
5
]
],
"english": "haste",
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},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"english": "battle, combat",
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"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"tags": [
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]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/est/"
}
],
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}
{
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"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
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{
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"word": "-est"
},
{
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{
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}
],
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},
{
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}
],
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}
],
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},
{
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{
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},
{
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{
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],
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},
{
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],
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],
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},
{
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},
{
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],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
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},
{
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{
"lang": "English",
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},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
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}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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},
{
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{
"lang": "Scots",
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"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
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"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
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],
"word": "-ast"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": ":inh",
"3": "gmw-pro:*-ist<id:most>",
"id": "most",
"text": "++"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-istaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ist\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }\" data-id=\"most\" data-lang=\"ang\" data-title=\"-est\" id=\"Old_English:_most\">\nInherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs + *-tHós.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs + *-tHós.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "ang-adecl",
"source": "declension",
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]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
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"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
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"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
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"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
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"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estena",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estena",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estra",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estena",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-est",
"type": "weak"
},
"name": "ang-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "used to form superlative adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ost"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "glēaw (“wise”) + -est → glēawest (“wisest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "late (“late”) + -est → latest (“latest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "smæl (“narrow; small”) + -est → smælest (“narrowest; smallest”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -ost (“used to form superlative adjectives and adverbs”)"
],
"links": [
[
"-ost",
"-ost#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/est/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-ist"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-yst"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"especially Late Middle English"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-ost"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"West Midland"
],
"tags": [
"Southwestern"
],
"word": "-ust"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "second-person singular"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ēs",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ēs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ēs"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang-ang",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Anglian Old English -es",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ēz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ēz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*-eh₁si"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs with paragogic -t added from when þū follows (compare Anglian Old English -es), from Proto-Germanic *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si (in *dʰédʰeh₁si, form of *dʰédʰeh₁ti).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-es",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Anglian"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "fremman (“to perform”) + -est → fremest (“you perform”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the second-person singular of class I weak verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/est/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "-aist",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Entries with collapsible category trees for nonexistent categories",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Welsh colloquialisms",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person",
"second person#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"preterite",
"preterite#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛsd/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɛst]"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -est meaning in All languages combined (51.6kB)
{
"called_from": "translations/324",
"msg": "possible sense number in translation item: Swedish: -ast (sv) (1), mest (sv) (before the adjective or adverb) (1)",
"path": [
"-est"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-est",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "-est/English/suffix: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"lang_code\": \"pt\", \"note\": \"mais used with definite article\", \"sense\": \"superlative of adjectives and adverbs\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-est",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "-est/English/suffix: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"lang_code\": \"ru\", \"note\": \"-а́йший (-ájšij) (suffixes follow an adjective form)\", \"sense\": \"superlative of adjectives and adverbs\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-est",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (8336b26 and ae80fde). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.